Historical data for federal R&D come from many sources. Many of the charts below rely on data collected by the National Science Foundation's Division of Science Resources Statistics. Data from NSF sources can be found by following the above link. Others rely on OMB data from historical tables in the FY 2005 budget. The data in this section are for federally funded R&D only. Historical trends for R&D at universities (all funding sources) and in total U.S. R&D (private and public funds) can be found in their respective sections on this Web site. Most tables and charts below are preliminary and will be revised in March and April (AAAS data).

The data below are from past AAAS reports on R&D, and provide the best comparison with data on R&D in the FY 2005 budget. For years before 1976, please go to other sources of data below. The two tables below are the most comprehensive references for R&D by agency over the last 30 years, and the accompanying charts illustrate selected trends from the tables. The first chart traces the convergence of defense and nondefense R&D in the 1990s; this decade, defense R&D again far exceeds nondefense R&D because of the Bush Administration's high priority for defense R&D. The second chart examines continuing growth in nondefense R&D over the past decade, mostly because of strong growth in NIH R&D. All other nondefense R&D funding agencies have received flat funding for more than a decade. The third chart shows that basic research has increased steadily for the past two decades, mostly because of growth in NIH, which now accounts for the majority of all federal support for basic research. The fourth chart shows that defense R&D declined steadily after the end of the Cold War, but is now increasing rapidly again, but mostly for the development of weapons systems. DOD support of "S&T" (basic and applied research, and some technology development) has remained well below historical levels in recent years. The fifth and sixth charts show that in the past decade, the top agency supporters of R&D have differed sharply in their budgetary fortunes. Some have won increases, but many saw their R&D budgets decline in the 1990s. In the FY 2005 request, some of the R&D funding agencies would receive increases but several would decline.

-Historical Table 1. R&D by Agency, 1976-2005 (revised 3/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/hist05p.pdf

-Historical Table 2. R&D by Agency, 1976-2005 in Constant Dollars (revised 3/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/hist05p2.pdf

-Chart. Trends in Federal R&D, 1976-2005 (revised 3/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/trtot05p.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/hist05p.pdf

-Chart. Selected Trends in Nondefense R&D, 1976-2005 (revised 3/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/trnon05p.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/tbnon05p.pdf

-Chart. Trends in Basic Research, 1976-2005 (revised 3/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/trbas05p.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/tbbas05p.pdf

-Chart. Trends in Defense R&D, 1976-2005 (revised 3/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/trdef05p.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/tbdef05p.pdf

- Chart. Trends in DOD "S&T", 1994-2005 (revised 5/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/trdodst05p.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/tbdodst05p.pdf

-Chart. Trends in Federal R&D, FY 1990-2005 (DOD, NIH, NSF, DOE, NASA) (revised 3/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/cht9005a.pdf

-Chart. Trends in Federal R&D, FY 1990-2005 (USDA, DOC, DOI, DOT, EPA) (revised 3/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/cht9005b.pdf

- Chart. R&D in the DOE Office of Science, 1990-2005 (revised 3/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/doeos05p.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/doeos05ptb.pdf

-as part of the federal budget (OMB data.) R&D is a significant but declining part of the federal budget. Nearly all federal R&D is funded through the discretionary portion of the budget, and although R&D has remained relatively constant as a share of all discretionary spending, R&D has declined as a proportion of the total budget as the discretionary share of the budget has declined as a result of growing entitlements spending. The final chart shows that federally funded R&D declined steadily as a share of the U.S. economy until 2000, even as privately funded R&D increased.


-Chart. Trends in R&D and Discretionary Outlays, 1962-2009 (2/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/rddis05b.pdf

-Chart. R&D as Percent of Discretionary Spending: FY 1962-2005 (2/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/rddis05p.pdf

-Chart. R&D as Percent of the Federal Budget: FY 1962-2005 (2/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/rdbdg05p.pdf

-Chart. U.S. R&D as Percent of GDP, 1953-2003 (2/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/usg03.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/usg03tb.pdf

-by Function (OMB data). The relative priority of different areas of R&D has varied over the years, reflecting changing national priorities. Spending on defense R&D has exceeded all other R&D spending for most of the past four decades, but the first chart below shows that the relative size of the two sectors has varied considerably over the years. The second chart shows how priorities in nondefense R&D have shifted. Space was the dominant mission in the 1960s; energy R&D has fluctuated in importance; health R&D, meanwhile, has shown practically uninterrupted growth and now represents the largest single share of the nondefense R&D portfolio.


-Chart. Defense and Nondefense R&D, 1949-2005 (2/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/histde05.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/histda05tb.pdf

-Chart. Nondefense R&D by Function, 1953-2005 (2/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/histda05.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/histda05tb.pdf

-by Character of Work (AAAS and NSF data). The chart shows basic research support by agency over the past 30 years. Federal support for basic research has grown steadily, and NIH has expanded its share of federal support.

-Chart. Trends in Basic Research by Agency, 1975-2005 (rev. 5/04) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/trbas05p.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/tbbas05p.pdf

-Chart. Federal Basic Research by Performer, 1970-2003 (8/03) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/basper03.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/basper03tb.pdf

-by Performer (NSF data). The first chart shows trends in federal R&D by performer; industry has traditionally been the largest performer of federal R&D, but its performance has declined in recent years while other performers, especially colleges and universities, have won increasing shares of federal R&D. The second chart shows that agencies vary greatly in their performer mix; DOD and NASA rely heavily on industrial performers, while NIH and NSF rely heavily on colleges and universities; FFRDCs are important performers for DOE and NASA.

-Chart. Federal R&D Funding by Performer, 1955-2003 (8/03) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/fedper03h.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/fedper03t.pdf

-Chart. Federal R&D Funding by Performer at Selected Agencies, FY 2003 (8/03)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/fedper03.pdf

-by Science and Engineering Discipline (NSF data). Complete coverage of R&D by discipline can be found in the R&D by Science and Engineering Discipline section of this Guide. The chart below shows that while federal support for many disciplines has remained relatively constant over the past three decades, federal support for the life sciences has increased dramatically. Nearly all of this growth has been due to increasing support for the biomedical sciences, in contrast to flat or declining funding for agricultural sciences, non-human biological sciences, and other non-medical life sciences.

-Chart. Trends in Federal Research by Discipline, 1970-2003 (8/03) - Data Table
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/discip03.pdf
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/disc04tb.pdf

-by President's Request vs. Actual Appropriations (AAAS data). The charts below show the relationship each year between proposals for R&D in the President's budget request at the beginning of the year, and what Congress and the President finally agree to appropriate in the fall.


-Chart. Request vs. Actual, Defense R&D, FY 1978-2005 (revised 3/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/req05def.pdf

-Chart. Request vs. Actual, Nondefense R&D, FY 1978-2005 (revised 3/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/req05non.pdf

-Chart. Request vs. Actual, NIH R&D, FY 1978-2005 (revised 2/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/trnih05p.pdf

-Chart. Request vs. Actual, NSF R&D, FY 1978-2005 (revised 2/04)
http://time.dufe.edu.cn/spti/shuju/trnsf05p.pdf 
 

原 作 者:
文章来源: http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/guihist.htm